Innowacje genderowe. Studium przypadku: Nauka. Genetyka różnicowania płciowego [Przekład: Aleksandra Derra, Konsultacje merytoryczne: Milena Kulasek]

Londa Schiebinger, Ineke Klinge, Inés Sánchez de Madariaga, Martina Martina Schraudner

Abstract


The Challenge

Research into sex determination formerly focused primarily on testis devel- opment, while active processes controlling ovarian development were largely ignored (Veitia, 2010). In fact, ovarian development had long been considereda “default” or “passive” developmental outcome of the bipotential gonad.Method: Rethinking Concepts and Theories

The notion of a “default” female pathway focused research on testis differen- tiation, and, after the discovery of Sry, on the downstream targets of Sry, e.g. Sox9. In contrast, the ovarian pathway was explored less. Scientific modelsportraying the female developmental pathway as a “default” were incon-sistent with lack of ovarian development in Turner’s syndrome, among otherissues.

Gendered Innovations:

1. Recognition of Ovarian Determination as an Active Process. Current re- search is identifying the active mechanisms required to produce an ovary (Veitia, 2010; Uhlenhaut et al., 2009). These investigations have enhanced knowledge about testis development and how the ovarian and testicular pathways interact.

2. Discovery of Ongoing Ovarian and Testis Maintenance. Research into the ovarian pathway revealed that the transcriptional regulator FOXL2 must be expressed in adult ovarian follicles to prevent “transdifferentiation of an adult ovary to a testis” (Uhlenhaut et al., 2009). Subsequently, researchers foundthat the transcription factor DMRT1 is needed to prevent reprogramming of testicular Sertoli cells into granulosa cells (Matson et al., 2011).

3. New language to Describe Gonadal Differentiation. Researchers have dis-missed the concept of “default” and emphasize that, while female and male developmental pathways are divergent, the construction of an ovary (like the construction of a testis or any other organ) is an active process. Each pathway requires complex cascades of gene products in proper dosages and at precise times.


Keywords


enetics; gonads; sex determination; gendered innovation; lan- guage to describe

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References


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